Guide to Plagiarism, Research and Referencing

Examples of referencing using Harvard style:

Journals

Journals are excellent sources of research, as they are usually a professional, published piece of work that focuses on a specialised area of expertise. They are often peer-reviewed, however you should confirm this before using the source.

In-text citations

When citing journal articles in-text, the author’s surname and the year of publication must be included.

General Rules:

  • If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the year is placed in brackets.
  • If the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, the citation is placed in brackets at the end of the sentence.
  • If there are two authors, both names are used, joined by an ampersand (&).
  • If there are three or more authors, list all names only in the first citation, then use et al. for subsequent citations.

Single Author

  • Author mentioned in the sentence:

Smith (2020) found that animal enrichment improves welfare in captive species.

  • Author not mentioned in the sentence:

Animal enrichment has been shown to improve welfare in captive species (Smith 2020).

Two Authors

  • Authors mentioned in the sentence:

Jones and Taylor (2019) reported that early socialisation reduces behavioural issues in dogs.

  • Authors not mentioned in the sentence:

Early socialisation reduces behavioural issues in dogs (Jones & Taylor 2019).

Five Authors

First Citation (List all authors):

  • Authors mentioned in the sentence:

Brown, Green, White, Black and Grey (2021) demonstrated that proper handling techniques improve recovery rates in shelter animals.

  • Authors not mentioned in the sentence:

Proper handling techniques improve recovery rates in shelter animals (Brown, Green, White, Black & Grey 2021).

Subsequent Citations (Use et al.):

  • Authors mentioned in the sentence:

Brown et al. (2021) further supported the idea that proper handling reduces stress in newly admitted shelter animals.

  • Authors not mentioned in the sentence:

Proper handling reduces stress in newly admitted shelter animals (Brown et al. 2021).

Summary Table

Number of Authors First Citation (In Sentence) First Citation (End of Sentence) Subsequent Citation (In Sentence) Subsequent Citation (End of Sentence)
1 Author Smith (2020) found that… … (Smith 2020). Smith (2020) confirmed that… … (Smith 2020).
2 Authors Jones and Taylor (2019) noted that… … (Jones & Taylor 2019). Jones and Taylor (2019) further found… … (Jones & Taylor 2019).
3+ Authors Brown, Green, White, Black and Grey (2021) observed that… … (Brown, Green, White, Black & Grey 2021). Brown et al. (2021) confirmed that… … (Brown et al. 2021).

 

Reference list

When citing journal articles in a Harvard reference list, follow these specific formatting rules:

Key Rules for Formatting Journal Articles in Harvard Style

Author(s) surname first, followed by initials (no first names).
Year of publication in brackets (no full stop after the year).
Article title in single quotation marks, sentence case (capitalize only the first word and proper nouns).
Journal title in italics and title case (capitalize all major words).
Volume and issue number in the format: vol. X, no. Y.
Page range included (e.g., pp. 100-115).
DOI or URL included for online articles (if available).

 

Example Reference List for Journal Articles (Harvard Style)

Brown, R, Green, L, White, P, Black, S & Grey, T 2021, ‘The effects of handling techniques on shelter animal stress levels’, Journal of Animal Welfare Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 45-60.

Jones, B & Taylor, K 2019, ‘Early socialisation and its impact on canine behaviour’, Veterinary Behaviour Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 12-25.

Smith, J 2020, ‘The role of enrichment in captive animal welfare’, Animal Behaviour Research Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 100-115.

 

Additional Notes on Journal Articles in Harvard Style

  • For journal articles with multiple authors, list all authors up to 20 in the first reference.
  • For 21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors, then use et al.
  • If the journal is available online, include a DOI or viewed date & URL if there is no DOI.

Example for an Online Journal Article:

Taylor, R & Green, L 2020, ‘Pain management in rabbits: A review of current practices’, Journal of Animal Care Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 45-60, doi:10.xxxx/abc.12345.

OR (if no DOI is available):

White, J 2022, ‘Canine physiotherapy and rehabilitation’, Journal of Veterinary Science, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 35-48, viewed 15 January 2024, https://www.journalvet.com/canine-physio.